La revista científica CIBUM SCIENTIA es publicada por el Instituto de Investigación en Producción, Procesamiento y Comercialización Agropecuaria del Programa de Ingeniería Agroindustrial de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Bolivia). La revista difunde trabajos de investigación en diversas áreas de las ciencias agrícolas, ganaderas y naturales, con el objetivo de brindar un espacio de debate científico de alto nivel para investigadores nacionales e internacionales. Asimismo, promueve la publicación de resultados inéditos que impulsan el avance de la ciencia y la tecnología, aportando soluciones innovadoras con respaldo científico.
CIBUM SCIENTIA Scientific Journal is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.© AUTHORS RETAIN THEIR RIGHTS: Authors retain their trademark and patent rights, as well as any rights to any process or procedure described in the article. Authors retain the right to share, copy, distribute, perform, and publicly communicate the article published in the CIBUM SCIENTIA Scientific Journal (for example, placing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with acknowledgment of its initial publication in the CIBUM SCIENTIA Scientific Journal. Authors retain the right to subsequently publish their work, to use the article or any part thereof (e.g., a compilation of their works, conference notes, theses, or for a book), provided that they indicate the source of publication (authors of the work, journal, volume, issue, and date).
Copyright (c) 2026 Gladys J. Chipana-Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Technical training for citrus growers and its impact on the control of citrus leprosy in the Alto Beni region
Citrus farming in the Alto Beni region is a vital economic activity for food security and the livelihoods of numerous farming families; however, it faces a critical problem associated with citrus leprosy, a viral disease that compromises the productivity and sustainability of the agricultural system. The study aimed to assess citrus growers’ level of technical preparedness, response capacity, and access to information, training, and institutional support in the face of this disease. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach, a non-experimental design, and a descriptive scope. A structured questionnaire was administered to 157 citrus growers in the municipalities of Alto Beni and Palos Blancos, selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27, employing descriptive statistics, absolute frequencies, and percentages. The results show that control practices are predominantly traditional: pruning is the most widely used method (64.3 %), while chemical (15.3 %) and biological (1.3 %) control methods are rarely used; furthermore, 9.6 % of farmers do not use any control methods at all. Phytosanitary monitoring is also irregular, as only 26.1 % conduct it weekly. Regarding technical training, 56.4 % did not receive any training, and 77.7 % consider the available information insufficient. Furthermore, 75.1 % perceive integrated pest management as having little or no effectiveness, and 80.3 % do not receive institutional assistance. However, 82.2 % wish to participate in training programs, and 89.2 % prefer in-person workshops. It is concluded that citrus growers lack sufficient technical expertise, although there is a strong willingness to strengthen their capabilities through training, technical assistance, and participatory communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lorenzo Quelali Mamani, Henry Natalio Morales Magne, Marco Antonio Echenique Quezada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Plant sensory perception: the senses of plants as a functional mirror of animals
Plant sensory perception is an emerging field that describes plants’ ability to detect environmental stimuli and respond through distributed molecular and physiological mechanisms. Although they lack sensory organs like animals do, plants possess cellular receptors and signaling networks that perform functions equivalent to sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing, as well as additional perceptions such as gravipercception, thermopercception, magnetopercception, memory, and circadian rhythms. This review article synthesizes evidence from 64 references published between 2000 and 2025, including classic and recent studies in plant neurobiology, bioacoustics, chemical communication, and climate resilience. The findings confirm that plants are active organisms capable of processing information, communicating chemical and electrical signals, and responding adaptively to changing conditions. The critical synthesis of results and discussion highlights the direct implications for sustainable agriculture, food security, and crop resilience to climate change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isidro Callizaya Mamani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sustainable innovation and circular economy in industrial food processing: an integrative review with emphasis on Bolivia
Industrial food processing faces a dual pressure: increasing availability and food safety while reducing environmental impacts, food losses, and waste. In Bolivia, this challenge is intensified by logistic constraints, technological heterogeneity, and policy frameworks focused on integrated waste management and the rights of Mother Earth. This article presents an integrative review with a critical-reflective orientation, based on scientific and technical evidence published mainly between 2014 and 2025. A total of 728 initial records were identified, and 51 sources were included in the final synthesis. The analysis was organized into four axes: circularity pathways, sustainable processing technologies, impact measurement, and implementation in the Bolivian context. Reduction, reuse, recycling, and recovery strategies are discussed, together with emerging technologies such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, cold plasma, and membrane separations. The analysis shows that circularity is not automatic; it requires life-cycle assessment, governance, traceability, food safety, and economic feasibility. A Bolivia-oriented agenda is proposed, based on minimum indicators, territorial pilot projects, and coordination among industry, municipalities, and academia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Carmen Rosa Del Castillo Gutiérrez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comprehensive Management for Competitive Beekeeping: Operational Optimization, Regulatory Compliance (GMP/HACCP), and Financial Strategies for the Sustainability of the Honey Value Chain
This analysis addresses critical challenges and proposes strategic guidelines for the improvement and sustainability of the beekeeping sector. A review of case studies identifies low operational efficiency, with infrastructure underutilization of approximately 54% and the presence of defined bottlenecks (jar washing), creating a critical production gap relative to regional demand. Competitiveness requires a dual mandate: first, regulatory compliance through the rigorous implementation of the HACCP system and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), essential for food safety and the segregation of flows; and second, financial soundness, correcting the practice of omitting fixed costs (depreciation), which erodes capital replacement capacity. It is concluded that the transition to modern beekeeping requires collective organization to leverage economies of scale and strategic investment in technology to overcome traditional methods, thereby ensuring regulatory compliance, access to formal markets, and the economic resilience of the sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juan José Aparicio Porres, Jairo Ronald Chauca Gutiérrez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Production of Three Varieties of Lilium (Lilium sp.) Using Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied via Fertigation in a Greenhouse in Chicani-La Paz
Lilium (Lilium sp.) cultivation represents an agricultural opportunity; however, the lack of technical data for greenhouses in the La Paz valleys limits the productive capacity and economic returns of small- and medium-scale flower growers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of three lilium varieties (white Eyeliner, yellow Cevennes, and purple Dinamix) under fertigation conditions in a greenhouse in Chicani, La Paz. A completely randomized block design with a two-factor arrangement (3×3) was used, with nine treatments and three replicates, considering the varieties and fertilizers (urea, Molivic, and a control without fertilization) as factors. Phenological, vegetative, and reproductive variables were evaluated, including days to emergence, days to flower bud formation, number of flower buds, plant diameter and height, and flower bud diameter and length. The results showed that there were no significant differences among varieties in days to emergence, flower bud diameter, and flower bud length, indicating stability in these traits. However, the “Eyeliner Blanco” variety had greater plant height, while “Dinamix Morado” had the highest number of flower buds. Regarding fertilization, the application of urea significantly increased stem diameter and the number of flower buds compared to the control. It is concluded that nitrogen fertilization improves the agronomic development of the crop under greenhouse conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sonia Nancy Mamani Poma, Mario Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determination of the shelf life of copoazú (Theobroma grandiflorum) probiotic yogurt under shelf conditions
Probiotic yogurt made with Amazonian fruits represents an opportunity to diversify the dairy industry, generate added value, and offer a functional food with health benefits; however, its effect on consumer acceptance and stability is unknown. Therefore, the acceptability and preference for probiotic yogurt containing 4 %, 7 %, and 10 % copoazú pulp were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 102 untrained panelists who are regular yogurt consumers. In the sensory evaluation (specific attributes), there were no significant differences in flavor, acidity, sweetness, or viscosity (p>0.05). In terms of the overall comparison, the nonparametric Friedman test showed that the treatment with 7 % pulp was the most preferred (p<0.05). The shelf life of this treatment was 60 days when stored at an average temperature of 12.9 °C and a relative humidity of 48 %. The pH decreased from 4.33 to 3.77, and the acidity increased from 0.74% to 1.17 %, remaining within the limits of NB 33016. Microbiological analysis showed that total coliforms and Escherichia coli remained undetectable, while molds and yeasts reached the maximum limit (2.0×10² CFU/g) on day 60, marking the end of the product’s shelf life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leonela Paye Cahuaya, Max Espinoza Paz, Mario Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Soaking time for queñua seeds (Polylepis pacensis) in seedling production as a climate-resilient species
The high Andean region is characterized by a unique diversity of tree species, the result of evolutionary processes associated with extreme environmental conditions, such as low temperatures, high solar radiation, and limited water availability. In this context, the presence of highly specialized species stands out, particularly the queñua (Polylepis pacensis), which is ecologically important due to its role in water regulation, soil conservation, and habitat provision. Additionally, its tolerance to adverse conditions gives it potential for restoration and adaptation to climate change. The study was conducted at the multipurpose nursery of the Cota Cota Experimental Center, with the aim of determining the effect of soaking time on seed germination capacity. A completely randomized design was implemented using a two-factor arrangement, with the type of soaking solution (drinking water and willow infusion) and treatment duration (24, 48, and 72 hours) as factors. In total, six treatments were established, each with three replicates, in addition to a control group without treatment. Variables related to germination, emergence, and initial seedling development were analyzed. The results showed that immersion in drinking water for 24 hours optimized the germination response, achieving a 70 % germination rate and a 52% emergence rate. It also recorded the highest post-transplant survival rate, at 84 %, confirming that quinoa seedlings exhibit morphological characteristics of resistance to the extreme conditions of climate change, based on a Dickson index of 8.23.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edson Apaza Chura, Esther Tinco Mamani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Extraction and characterization of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil using steam and ethyl acetate
In the agroindustrial valorization of natural products, obtaining essential oils requires reproducible protocols that safeguard phytochemical quality while reducing environmental externalities associated with the process. An extraction and qualitative characterization of essential oil from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (white eucalyptus) was developed using steam distillation and purification with ethyl acetate at the Agroindustrial Technology Center of University of San Simón, as an applied practice of the Diploma in Biodiversity for the Production of Plants with Medicinal and Insecticidal Properties. The guiding question focused on determining the yield obtained and the qualitative evidence supporting the presence of 1,8-cineole under explicit operational conditions. The assay was conducted on two batches totaling 2 277 g of biomass, with steam exposure times of 60 and 180 minutes, recovering 29.5 mL of essential oil; the longer-duration batch contributed the main volume and increased the yield per batch. Organoleptic evaluation recorded an oil with pale yellow color, fresh and mentholated aroma, and absence of visible impurities after clarification. Thin-layer chromatography, using hexane:ethyl acetate (8:2) eluent and revelation with anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid, showed a pattern compatible with oxygenated monoterpenes and identified 1.8-cineole as the predominant component (approximate Rf 0.65). Overall, the results support the technical feasibility of the extraction–purification–qualitative verification scheme and provide a transferable methodological basis for educational, community, or small-scale contexts requiring process traceability and initial quality control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jhonny Iván Oporto Berrios https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes with forage potential in the Dominican Republic
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals worldwide, used for both human and animal consumption. Furthermore, it is considered one of the most valued forage crops by producers, as it produces more dry matter and digestible nutrients per unit area compared to other forage crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage performance of maize genotypes in the localities of Arroyo Loro (San Juan de la Maguana) and El Sisal (Azua). Site preparation (clearing, cross-cutting, and furrowing) was carried out mechanically. In the town of Arroyo Loro, planting took place on May 1, 2024, while in El Sisal, it took place on May 15, 2024. For this planting, two seeds from each treatment were placed in the soil at a depth of 4-5 cm. After germination (20 days after planting), thinning was performed, leaving a single plant. The trials were arranged in a completely randomized block design. All treatments evaluated began male flowering between 51 and 59 days after sowing, while female flowering occurred between 52 and 62 days after sowing. In both locations, the corn genotypes “CLM 342 and CLM 341” demonstrated good genetic potential and the ability to thrive in the local environment, as they produced good forage yields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bernardo Fco. Mateo Suero, Nicolás Méndez, Juan Cedano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Utilization of agricultural waste for the production of Trichoderma spores via solid-state fermentation
Trichoderma sp. production through solid-state fermentation represents a promising strategy for agricultural bioinputs. In this study, two agricultural residues, corn cob and coffee husk, were evaluated as substrates for Trichoderma sp. spores production. Both substrates were subjected to alkaline hydrolysis (2.4 % NaOH for 30 min) and heat treatment (90 °C for 10 min). In addition, the effect of nutrient supply with KH₂PO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, urea, and CaCl₂ was evaluated. Precooked rice (90°C for 5 min), conventionally used for fungal production, was used as control substrate. Spore production was monitored over a 20-day incubation period. Conidial viability, dry weight yield, and axenicity of the final product were determined. The results showed a progressive increase in sporulation throughout the incubation period. The highest yield was obtained with heat-treated coffee husk supplemented with nutrients, reaching 5.04 × 10¹⁰ spores/g of substrate, with conidial viability above 98 %, a dry weight yield of 3.35 %, and no detectable microbial contamination. Similarly, heat-treated corn cob supplemented with nutrients achieved 4.83 × 10¹⁰ spores/g of substrate, with viability above 98 %, a dry weight yield of 3.07 %, and no detectable microbial contamination. The control treatment consisting of nutrient-supplemented rice produced 5.10 × 10¹⁰ spores/g of substrate, with no detectable microbial contamination and a dry weight yield of 3.8 %. These results show that the agricultural residues, particularly when subjected to heat treatment and nutrient supplementation, are suitable substrates for efficient production of Trichoderma sp., being an alternative to conventional substrates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Solangel Wendy Casilla, Carla Crespo Melgar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dynamics of absolute and relative growth and net assimilation in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) under the influence of cattle and guinea pig manure, H2Organix levels, and evaluation period
The study was conducted in Challajauira, La Paz, Bolivia, with the objective of evaluating the effect of cattle manure versus guinea pig manure and four levels of H2Organix on the absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation (TAN), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield over four periods (days) and six replicates, with the goal of improving microbial efficiency in mineralization and increasing yield. The data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear models, Tukey's post hoc tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis in the R Project v4.4.3 software. Guinea pig manure significantly outperformed cattle manure in TCA (1.55 vs. 1.04 g/day) and yield (1075 vs. 794 g/plant), with no differences in TCR or TAN. The period was the determining factor for all variables, with maximum TAN at 32 days (0.00234 g/cm² day), maximum TCR at 63 days (0.0824 g/g day), maximum TCA at 91 days (3.18 g/day), and maximum yield at 152 days (1.728 g/plant). H2Organix levels did not influence growth. The correlation analysis showed that TCA (91 days) was the best predictor of final yield (r = 0.490). The models explained between 46.6 % and 68.5 % of the variability (conditional R²). It is concluded that guinea pig manure improves absolute growth and potato yield; the period is the dominant factor; the addition of H2Organix does not provide additional benefits under the evaluated conditions; and TCA at 91 days is an early indicator of yield.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinelsa Mirian Magallanes Ali, Brigido Moises Quiroga Sossa, Casto Willy Mendoza Condori, Milton Johnson Christopher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Foliar application of Biol on two varieties of strawberry (Fragariasp.) in a vertical system and temperate environment
The extreme climatic conditions of the highlands, characterized by high radiation, severe frosts, and an average temperature of 6.5 °C, severely limit strawberry production. Added to this is the reduction of arable land due to urban pressure, which requires technological alternatives such as temperate environments and vertical systems that, due to their intensity, demand sustainable and low-cost nutritional inputs. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of two levels of foliar application of biol on the growth and yield of two strawberry varieties (Fragariasp.) in a vertical system and controlled environment. The study was conducted in El Alto, Bolivia (3840 m s.n.m.) between 2022 and 2023. 216 seedlings of the Albion and Monterrey varieties were used in a vertical pyramid system. Using a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement, doses of biol at 0%, 15%, and 25% applied weekly were evaluated. The 25% biol dose obtained the highest plant height (22.23 cm) and number of leaves (3.94). The Monterrey variety showed greater precocity (64.31 days to flowering) and higher yield (419.11 g/plant) compared to Albion. Although the 15% and 25% doses significantly outperformed the control, there were no statistical differences between them in terms of final yield. The Monterrey variety is the most suitable for production under these conditions. Biol is an effective organic alternative, with the 15% dose being the most efficient for optimizing yield without excessive applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Enrique Jarro Choque, Víctor Antonio Castañón Rivera, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimization of weight gain in Ross 308 chickens by applying two protein levels in diets under conditions in the Bolivian Altiplano
The study was conducted in El Alto (3,905 m above sea level, Bolivia), where the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP: control 20-18%, T1 18-16%, T2 16-14%) in diets for Ross 308 broiler chickens was evaluated under conditions of hypoxia and cold stress, using a completely randomized experimental design (RCD) with 126 birds. The ANOVA results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion between treatments, with coefficients of variation that validate the reliability of the data, indicating that variations in crude protein did not affect productive performance under optimal environmental management. However, males showed greater weight gain, possibly due togenetic factors, while fiber in the diets (5%) may have limited digestibility. In terms of mortality, the control group recorded 12.7%, significantly higher than T1 (7.14%) and T2 (4.76%), attributed to ascites syndrome, suggesting that diets with lower CP (16-14%) reduce the incidence of ascites without affecting zootechnical performance. The study concludes that a comprehensive approach combining nutrition, environmental management, and genetics is key to optimizing poultry production at high altitudes, recommending future research on economic impact and digestibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eddy Diego Gutiérrez Gonzáles, René Jhonny Cusi Ajata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
In vitroestablishment of yellow cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in Alto Beni, Bolivia
The cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) represents a highly relevant agricultural alternative due to its nutritional value and economic potential in tropical areas. In vitro micropropagation has emerged as a biotechnological tool for the mass production of high-quality, pathogen-free plant material. The objective of this research was to evaluate four disinfection methods for the in vitro establishment of the Amarilla variety of cassava at the Sapecho Experimental Station. For this purpose, stem segments with lateral buds were used and subjected to different disinfection treatments, including hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, antioxidants, and bactericides. A completely randomized design (CRD) with 30 replicates per treatment and fivereplicates was used for data analysis. The results showed that method I (70% alcohol and 2% sodium hypochlorite plus 2% hydrogen peroxide) obtained the highest survival rate and the lowest level of microbial contamination. In contrast, methods III and IV showed higher microbial contamination and fewer live explants. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing the concentrations and exposure times of disinfectants to improve the in vitro establishment of cassava and reduce losses due to contamination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marco Antonio Echenique Quezada, Sara Vergara Mejia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Segmentation assessment in drone images for identification of majo (Oenocarpus bataua), asai (Euterpe precatoriaMart.) and common palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera) in three communities of the municipality of San Buenaventura
The lack of information on the spatial distribution of majo (Oenocarpus bataua), asai (Euterpe precatoriaMart.) and common date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) hinders their conservation and sustainable management. This study aimed to determine said distribution through segmentation techniques, evaluating the precision of three softwares to identify the most effective tool. eCognition achieved superior geometric precision (minimum PSE: 0.021), effectively adjusting the limits of the leaf crowns, which allowed to quantify the species of majo “15 in San Silvestre, 10 in UMSA-Tumupasa and 250 in El Infierno”, asai “444 in El Infierno” and common date palm “84 in San Silvestre, 123 in UMSA-Tumupasa and 229 in El Infierno”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuri Sandoval Montes, Luis Ernesto Cuenca Usmayo, Javier Nuñez Villalba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical and organoleptic evaluation of different formulations of mixed jam of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and maracuya(Passiflora edulis)
The limited diversification of agro-industrial products based on Andean and tropical crops presents a challenge for local food development. In particular, yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius), despite its high fructooligosaccharide content and functional potential, remains underutilized, while passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) stands out for its acidity and ability to enhance flavors. To address this issue, this study evaluated the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of mixed jams made with different proportions of both fruits to identify an optimal formulation. A process was standardized using 25%, 30%, and 35% yacón combined with 20% and 25% passion fruit. The process included selection, disinfection, pulp extraction, cooking with sugar and carrageenan to 65 °Brix, and aseptic packaging. Texture, moisture, titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids were determined. In parallel, consistency, aroma, color, flavor, and appearance were evaluated using an untrained sensory panel with a five-point hedonic scale. The results showed that a higher passion fruit content increased acidity and soluble solids, enhancing preservation and intensifying flavor. In contrast, formulations with 35% yacon showed lower acceptability, falling into neutral categories. The best scores corresponded to the 30% yacon and 25% passion fruit combination, with averages between 3.7 and 4.0, especially for color and appearance. Microbiological analysis confirmed the safety of the most accepted treatment. It is concluded that the 30% yacon and 25% passion fruit formulation balanced physicochemical and sensory parameters, demonstrating the potential of both fruits for the development of innovative and functional products with added value in the regional market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marina Pérez Merlo, M. Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez, Cristal Taboada Belmonte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical and sensory parameters of smoked chorizo sausage with three levels of llama (Lama glama) and pork (Sus scrofa) meat
The development of smoked chorizo using llama meat represents an initiative with significant potential to diversify and enrich the processed meat market. This proposal introduces an attractive alternative for consumers, with excellent nutritional properties, recognized for its high protein content and low cholesterol and fat content. In this regard, the objective of the research is to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory parameters of smoked chorizo with three levels of llama and pork meat. An experimental design with four treatments was used: T0 (100% pork), T1 (20% llama, 60% pork), T2 (40% llama, 40% pork), and T3 (60% llama, 20%pork), keeping the levels of fat and spices constant. The physicochemical results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in protein content, with treatments T2 and T3 standing out with 18.80% protein, higher than the control (18.12%).No significant differences were observed in moisture and fat content levels, complying in all cases with Bolivian regulations (NB 465:97 and NB 466:97). In the sensory evaluation, treatment T3 (60% llama) obtained the highest acceptance in terms of taste and smell, with a rating of “moderately liked,” and a better perception of color compared to the other groups. Microbiological and trend analysis determined that the shelf life of the product under refrigeration at 5 °C is 16 days, limited mainly by the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that the partial replacement of pork with llama meat increases the nutritional value and enhances the organoleptic properties of the sausage, making it a viable and healthy alternative for the processed meat market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grisel Karem Quispe Quispe, Gloria Cristal Taboada Belmonte, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of biga preferment on sensory acceptance of panetón with partial supplement of cañahua flour (Chenopodium pallidicauleAellen)
The study evaluated the influence of the amount of yeast and the fermentation time of the biga pre-ferment on the sensory characteristics of panettone with partial substitution of cañahua flour (Chenopodium pallidicauleAellen). Thebiga pre-ferment was used because of its low hydration and prolonged fermentation, conditions that allow acidification to be controlled and the effect of time and yeast level on the technological and sensory quality of the product to be analyzed. Six treatments were applied, combining two yeast levels (0.16% and 0.62%) and three fermentation times (12, 18, and 24 hours). pH and titratable acidity expressed as lactic acid were determined using standardized methods, and an affective sensory evaluation was performed with 50 consumers. The two-factor ANOVA showed that both fermentation time and yeast quantity significantly affected titratable acidity, with no interaction between factors, confirming an increase in acidity with longer times and higher yeast doses. The pH did not show significant differences, although it showed a slight tendency to decrease. Likewise, a technological process for making panettone was standardized using biga and sponge pre-ferments, achieving optimal dough development. The treatment with 24 hours of fermentation and 0.62% yeast obtained the best sensory ratings, correlating with an average acidity of 0.51% lactic acid and a pH of 4.77. The inclusion of cañahua flour improved the sensory profile of panettone and was very well received,making it an innovative and nutritious alternative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandra Patricia Monasterios Yapu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The role of women in the food security of producer families in the municipality of Caranavi
CELCCAR Ltda. is a second level organisation and the first peasant-based organisation dedicated to integral development in the Yungas region of Caranavi. After the execution of integral projects that involve the productive part, democratic participation and gender equity, fundamental pillars of integral development. Women are an essential part of the rural development process, as they play a fundamental role in the community, where they carry out productive activities related to the care of livestock and crop production. In this context, the objective of the research is to identify the role of women in the food security of producer families in the municipality of Caranavi.The research corresponds to the level of descriptive research, which determined the importance of women in the cooperatives of CELCCAR Ltda. and the integral strengthening of the capacities of men and women in the grassroots cooperatives of CELCCAR Ltda. The participation of women in the CELCCAR Ltda, The participation of women in the CELCCAR Ltda. is important since 27.13% of women help with the sowing of vegetables and 45.74% of men and women participate in the plantingwork, in the management of the crops women intervene 12.42% in the weeding of the orchards and 20.04% in the fertilisation of the plots, the participation of both in the weeding is 57.09% and 51.42% in the fertilisation, The participation of both in weeding is 57.09% and 51.42% in fertilising. As for harvesting vegetables, women help 27.66% and both help 44.68%, and with these data it can be concluded that women have a good percentage of participation in cultural work, but the highest percentage of both help, which could indicate that there is equality in terms of work on the plots. The intervention of women in food security is fundamental, as they are the main ones in charge of preparing food for breakfast, lunch and dinner, and they collaborate in sowing,crop management, harvesting and the transformation of products into nutritious food for their families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danina Marisol Nina Espinoza, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of a Livestock Wastewater Treatment System for Reuse in Irrigation at the Choquenaira Experimental Station in the Central Altiplano of Bolivia
This study evaluates a livestock wastewater treatment system at the Choquenaira Experimental Stationin the Central Altiplano of Bolivia,to determine its feasibility for agricultural irrigation reuse. A quantitative and descriptive methodology was employed, analyzing physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters at two key points of the system: the pretreatment tank and the sedimented water tank. The results indicate significant reductions in turbidity (68.31%), suspended solids (68.11%), chemical oxygen demand (71%), and biochemical oxygen demand (84%). Additionally, ammoniacal nitrogen decreased by 86.11%, and thermotolerant coliforms were reduced by 1.11 log. These values demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in contaminant removal. The findings suggest that the implemented system improves water quality, allowing for its reuse in irrigation under certain conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edgar Froilán Oliver Pari, Rolando Céspedes Paredes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical, chemical and bacteriological characterization of livestock wastewater at the Choquenaira Experimental Stationin the Altiplano
The wastewater generated at the Choquenaira Experimental Station originates primarily from cow manure and contains high levels of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms, posing an environmental risk if not properly managed. The objective of this study was to characterize the physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of this wastewater, which comes from two main sources: the dairy processing facility and the milking parlor, in order to evaluate its potential use as liquid biofertilizer under a circular economy approach. A quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive methodology was employed. Composite sampling was carried out by collecting subsamples every 30 minutes over a 12-hour period, which were then homogenized and transported to the laboratory of the Health Services Institute (ISS–UMSA). Parameters such as pH, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen, and thermotolerant coliforms were analyzed using standardized methods. The results revealed a high pollutant load: COD up to 16,167 mg O₂/l and BOD of 7,420 mg O₂/l, with elevated turbidity and TSS levels. The pH ranged from acidic in the dairy facility (4.00) to nearly neutral in the milking parlor (7.30). Thermotolerant coliform counts exceeded 10⁶ MPN/100 ml. It is concluded that appropriate treatment systems are essential to reduce environmental impact and, simultaneously, to utilize the leachates as agricultural inputs, contributing to sustainable production systems in rural settings.
Marketing system for fresh cheese in family production units of the Wali Suma dairy producers' federation in the municipality of Viacha
Dairy production is the activity that generates the greatest amount of permanent income in Viacha's rural population. It has been identified as an economic potential for sustainable development in the municipality, with insufficient productive infrastructure for cattle, where the processing of milk byproducts has no quality control. Despite this, three types of marketing channels have been identified: producer-consumer, producer-retailer-consumer and producer-retailer-retailer-consumer. These actors, cause prices to increase in each type of cheese, small cheese increases by 48.42 %, medium cheese by 40.44 % and large cheese by 42.86 %, consequently the gross marketing margin is in favor of the producer in the three types of cheese produced by 67, These percentages are retributions received by the producer for each Boliviano invested, and are also related to the producer's participation in the final price of the cheese.The total costs for each 100 units of cheese produced are 612 Bs. for the small cheese; 1,008 Bs. for the large cheese; 1,415 Bs. correspond to the sum of the production costs and marketing costs, having as gross income, in the small cheese 666.67 Bs, 1,125 Bs., medium cheese 1,125 Bs. and large cheese 1,750 Bs., with these values the benefit-cost was analyzed, being for the small cheese 1.09; medium 1.12 for the large cheese 1.24, values greater than 1, which means that the production of cheese is profitable. The real demand of the Federation of Dairy Producers Wali Suma (FEPLEWAS) in the commercialization of fresh cheese corresponds to 8.76% of the total demand in the department of La Paz, and taking into account only 15% of the unsatisfied potential demand, 197 cheeses per day should be produced.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Benjamín Escobar Mamani, Rubén Jacobo Trigo Riveros, Oscar Oswaldo Chambi Paricasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of three levels of solid substrates on the hydroponic production of basil (Ocimum basilicumL.), under protected environment
The present study was developed in the municipality of El Alto, Bolivia, with the objective of determining the optimal combinations of varieties and substrates that maximize vegetative development, yield and commercial quality of basil under protected environment conditions. Agricultural production in the Altiplano is limited by adverse climatic conditions and the scarcity of fertile soils in some regions, which makes solid hydroponic cultivation an innovative alternative with high potential to improve productivity in this area. The research was carried out at 4000 m a.s.l., in an area of 24 m² under controlled conditions, using a completely randomized experimental design with a bifactorial arrangement. Two basil varieties were evaluated: Italian “Genovese” and National “Chuquisaqueña”, grown in three mixtures of solid substrates (sawdust, sand and ground brick) in different proportions. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and width, green leaf fresh weight and yield.The treatment consisting of the Italian variety and the substrate with 60% sawdust, 30% sand and 10% ground brick showed the best performance in terms of leaf size, weight and yield. Although the benefit-cost analysis was not favorable in the short term due to the technology used, the productive results suggest that this technique could be a viable alternative for agriculture in the Bolivian Altiplano in the medium and long term.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omar W. Martínez Choque, Eduardo Oviedo Farfán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determination of moisture, yield and physicochemical characteristics of ginger (Zingiber officinaleRoscoe) essential oil, by the effect of drying and extraction time, using the water vapor entrainment method
Ginger is one of the most widespread natural remedies in the world and with more properties and medicinal applications for different pathologies. In Bolivia, it is one of the medicinal plants produced in the lowlands, currently, it is very recognized worldwide for its excellent anticancer and antiviral qualities. The objective of the research is to determine the humidity, yield and physicochemical characteristics of the essential oil of ginger, by the effect of drying and extraction time, using the method of water vapor entrainment. To determine the percentage of rhizome moisture and the optimum extraction time of the essential oil in ginger, the design was conducted under a completely randomized design, where the percentage of moisture was evaluated from three dryingtimes, determination of the yield of ginger essential oil from three extraction times and the physicochemical characteristics of essential oil (relative density, refractive index, acidity index and solubility in ethanol) were determined. In the results obtained the moisture percentage of MS ginger, in the three drying times on average gave the values of: TA H: 12.21(72 h) %, TBH: 12.01% (82 h) and TCH: 11.85 % (120 h). The best yield of ginger essential oil was obtained with the TAC treatment (0.48 %/150 gDM of ginger), with a humidity of 11.80 %, for 5 h, applying the water vapor entrainment extraction method. Due to the results obtained in the physicochemical tests carried out on the essential oil of ginger, which are within the Bolivian Standards NB 75022, such as: relative density and refractive index, miscibility in ethanol and acidity index, this indicates that the product obtained is of good quality and natural.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jhannet Condori Clares, Delia Georgina Burgoa Fernandez, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of pine plantations in the Phumphawi micro-watershed, Collana municipality, Aroma province
This research evaluated the initial development of a pine plantation in the Phumphawimicro-watershed, analyzing how relief influences its growth and comparing dendrological characteristics between communities and types of relief. The plantation of pine species was evaluated in the first stage of development of the integrated management project of the Phumphawi micro-watershed, in the communities of Collana, San Nicolás and Uncallamaya, Collana municipality, Aroma province. This evaluation was necessary because the project concluded more than a year before the research and the mortality rate was generally high. For this study, dasometric data (diameter, height, quality) were collected through field work in the three communities and then organized. For the statistical analysis, models such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Kruskal-Wallistest were used. Fifty-four samples were taken in the three communities during one year (March 2021 to February 2022). The dependent variables were height, diameter and robustness index, while the independent variables included geographic area, relief typeand species. The hardiness index was calculated as the ratio of height to root collar diameter. Using a factorial design, the individual and interactive effects of the factors were analyzed. Descriptive analyses and the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05) revealed significant differences in the characteristics of the plantations according to the type of relief. The results underline the influence of relief and edaphological factors on the dendrological development of pine, highlighting their impact on height, diameter and hardiness index. From the study, it can be affirmed that the growth and hardiness of pine vary according to the type of relief and the community. The values of height and diameter were higher in the plains and gullies, with a predominance of highto regular hardiness indexes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimir Simón Taquichiri Mamani, Ramiro Augusto Mendoza Nogales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hypoxic stress in the root zone of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under different suboptimal water regimes and soil cover systems and impact on growth
Hypoxia stress in plants due to excess water limits agricultural productivity in crops such as peas (Pisum sativum L.), affecting physiological processes such as root respiration and photosynthesis. With the need to optimize water use in agriculture, this study evaluated the effect of different levels of water saturation in the root zone (25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) on pea growth, comparing systems with cover (closed) and without cover (open) on hypoxic stress and water efficiency. The study was conducted in Viacha La Paz, Bolivia (3,857 m a.s.l.), in 2019. Variables (height, stem diameter, leaf area, IAF, TCA, TCR, TAN and water consumption) were measured under two systems. Destructive sampling was carried out monthly for 126 days. The 75 % saturation treatment in a closed system showed the best results in height (79.70 cm), leaf area (545 cm²), IAF (1.0265) and TAN (0.0023 g/cm² day). In the open system, the same level stood out in TCA (1.0179 g/day) and TCR (0.1475 g/g day). The open systems with 75 % and 100 % saturation registered higher water consumption (12,860.63 cm³ and 12,583.60 cm³), while the closed systems with 100 % and 75 % consumed less water (9,089.10 cm³ and 8,781.00 cm³). The 75% saturation level in the closed system optimized pea growth and reduced water consumption, proving to be an efficient strategy for crops under conditions of water limitation, minimizing hypoxic stress without compromising productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brigido Moises Quiroga Sossa, Paola Andrea Mamani Montecinos, José Luis Pérez Ticona, Cristina Ramos Choque, Esther Dayzy Sanchez Quispe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparison of spectral signatures in asaí (Euterpe precatoria), majo (Oenocarpus bataua) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) with remote sensing in the Northern Amazon of La Paz-Bolivia
Due to the increasing deforestation in the forested areas of Bolivia, non-timber forest resources such as asaí (Euterpe precatoria), majo (Oenocarpus bataua) and cacao (Theobroma cacao), have gained importance due to the nutritional, productive and economic properties they contribute to ecosystems, for this reason the study analyzes the spectral signatures of the three species, in the northern Amazon of La Paz, Bolivia, using advanced remote sensing technologies. The main objective was to improve the accuracy of the identification of these species, which are vital for the sustainable management of forests and the livelihoods of local communities.Data were collected using ground-based sensors (Handheld2 ASD) for validation, along with multispectral imagery from drones (Phantom 4 Pro, Parrot Sequoia) and satellite imagery from Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2B. Several atmospheric correction methods, such as ATCOR (ERDAS), SEN2COR (SNAP) and the Dark Object method, were applied to the satellite images to ensure data integrity. The results showed that the UAV images, together with those from Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2B, showed a higher correlation with the real data obtained on the ground with the spectroradiometer, while those from Landsat 8 showed significant deviations. This research underscores the critical role of appropriate atmospheric corrections in accurately identifying forest fruits. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of ecological monitoring and resource management in tropical forestecosystems, emphasizing the potential of remote sensing technologies to enhance biodiversity conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Javier Nuñez-Villalba, Alejandra Campos Loayza, Jose Luis Calle Peralta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0