La revista científica CIBUM SCIENTIA es publicada por el Instituto de Investigación en Producción, Procesamiento y Comercialización Agropecuaria del Programa de Ingeniería Agroindustrial de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Bolivia). La revista difunde trabajos de investigación en diversas áreas de las ciencias agrícolas, ganaderas y naturales, con el objetivo de brindar un espacio de debate científico de alto nivel para investigadores nacionales e internacionales. Asimismo, promueve la publicación de resultados inéditos que impulsan el avance de la ciencia y la tecnología, aportando soluciones innovadoras con respaldo científico.
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Foliar application of Biol on two varieties of strawberry (Fragariasp.) in a vertical system and temperate environment
The extreme climatic conditions of the highlands, characterized by high radiation, severe frosts, and an average temperature of 6.5 °C, severely limit strawberry production. Added to this is the reduction of arable land due to urban pressure, which requires technological alternatives such as temperate environments and vertical systems that, due to their intensity, demand sustainable and low-cost nutritional inputs. The objective of the research is to evaluate the effect of two levels of foliar application of biol on the growth and yield of two strawberry varieties (Fragariasp.) in a vertical system and controlled environment. The study was conducted in El Alto, Bolivia (3840 m s.n.m.) between 2022 and 2023. 216 seedlings of the Albion and Monterrey varieties were used in a vertical pyramid system. Using a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement, doses of biol at 0%, 15%, and 25% applied weekly were evaluated. The 25% biol dose obtained the highest plant height (22.23 cm) and number of leaves (3.94). The Monterrey variety showed greater precocity (64.31 days to flowering) and higher yield (419.11 g/plant) compared to Albion. Although the 15% and 25% doses significantly outperformed the control, there were no statistical differences between them in terms of final yield. The Monterrey variety is the most suitable for production under these conditions. Biol is an effective organic alternative, with the 15% dose being the most efficient for optimizing yield without excessive applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Enrique Jarro Choque, Víctor Antonio Castañón Rivera, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimization of weight gain in Ross 308 chickens by applying two protein levels in diets under conditions in the Bolivian Altiplano
The study was conducted in El Alto (3,905 m above sea level, Bolivia), where the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP: control 20-18%, T1 18-16%, T2 16-14%) in diets for Ross 308 broiler chickens was evaluated under conditions of hypoxia and cold stress, using a completely randomized experimental design (RCD) with 126 birds. The ANOVA results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion between treatments, with coefficients of variation that validate the reliability of the data, indicating that variations in crude protein did not affect productive performance under optimal environmental management. However, males showed greater weight gain, possibly due togenetic factors, while fiber in the diets (5%) may have limited digestibility. In terms of mortality, the control group recorded 12.7%, significantly higher than T1 (7.14%) and T2 (4.76%), attributed to ascites syndrome, suggesting that diets with lower CP (16-14%) reduce the incidence of ascites without affecting zootechnical performance. The study concludes that a comprehensive approach combining nutrition, environmental management, and genetics is key to optimizing poultry production at high altitudes, recommending future research on economic impact and digestibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eddy Diego Gutiérrez Gonzáles, René Jhonny Cusi Ajata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
In vitroestablishment of yellow cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in Alto Beni, Bolivia
The cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) represents a highly relevant agricultural alternative due to its nutritional value and economic potential in tropical areas. In vitro micropropagation has emerged as a biotechnological tool for the mass production of high-quality, pathogen-free plant material. The objective of this research was to evaluate four disinfection methods for the in vitro establishment of the Amarilla variety of cassava at the Sapecho Experimental Station. For this purpose, stem segments with lateral buds were used and subjected to different disinfection treatments, including hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, antioxidants, and bactericides. A completely randomized design (CRD) with 30 replicates per treatment and fivereplicates was used for data analysis. The results showed that method I (70% alcohol and 2% sodium hypochlorite plus 2% hydrogen peroxide) obtained the highest survival rate and the lowest level of microbial contamination. In contrast, methods III and IV showed higher microbial contamination and fewer live explants. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing the concentrations and exposure times of disinfectants to improve the in vitro establishment of cassava and reduce losses due to contamination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marco Antonio Echenique Quezada, Sara Vergara Mejia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Segmentation assessment in drone images for identification of majo (Oenocarpus bataua), asai (Euterpe precatoriaMart.) and common palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera) in three communities of the municipality of San Buenaventura
The lack of information on the spatial distribution of majo (Oenocarpus bataua), asai (Euterpe precatoriaMart.) and common date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) hinders their conservation and sustainable management. This study aimed to determine said distribution through segmentation techniques, evaluating the precision of three softwares to identify the most effective tool. eCognition achieved superior geometric precision (minimum PSE: 0.021), effectively adjusting the limits of the leaf crowns, which allowed to quantify the species of majo “15 in San Silvestre, 10 in UMSA-Tumupasa and 250 in El Infierno”, asai “444 in El Infierno” and common date palm “84 in San Silvestre, 123 in UMSA-Tumupasa and 229 in El Infierno”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuri Sandoval Montes, Luis Ernesto Cuenca Usmayo, Javier Nuñez Villalba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical and organoleptic evaluation of different formulations of mixed jam of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and maracuya(Passiflora edulis)
The limited diversification of agro-industrial products based on Andean and tropical crops presents a challenge for local food development. In particular, yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius), despite its high fructooligosaccharide content and functional potential, remains underutilized, while passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) stands out for its acidity and ability to enhance flavors. To address this issue, this study evaluated the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of mixed jams made with different proportions of both fruits to identify an optimal formulation. A process was standardized using 25%, 30%, and 35% yacón combined with 20% and 25% passion fruit. The process included selection, disinfection, pulp extraction, cooking with sugar and carrageenan to 65 °Brix, and aseptic packaging. Texture, moisture, titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids were determined. In parallel, consistency, aroma, color, flavor, and appearance were evaluated using an untrained sensory panel with a five-point hedonic scale. The results showed that a higher passion fruit content increased acidity and soluble solids, enhancing preservation and intensifying flavor. In contrast, formulations with 35% yacon showed lower acceptability, falling into neutral categories. The best scores corresponded to the 30% yacon and 25% passion fruit combination, with averages between 3.7 and 4.0, especially for color and appearance. Microbiological analysis confirmed the safety of the most accepted treatment. It is concluded that the 30% yacon and 25% passion fruit formulation balanced physicochemical and sensory parameters, demonstrating the potential of both fruits for the development of innovative and functional products with added value in the regional market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marina Pérez Merlo, M. Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez, Cristal Taboada Belmonte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical and sensory parameters of smoked chorizo sausage with three levels of llama (Lama glama) and pork (Sus scrofa) meat
The development of smoked chorizo using llama meat represents an initiative with significant potential to diversify and enrich the processed meat market. This proposal introduces an attractive alternative for consumers, with excellent nutritional properties, recognized for its high protein content and low cholesterol and fat content. In this regard, the objective of the research is to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory parameters of smoked chorizo with three levels of llama and pork meat. An experimental design with four treatments was used: T0 (100% pork), T1 (20% llama, 60% pork), T2 (40% llama, 40% pork), and T3 (60% llama, 20%pork), keeping the levels of fat and spices constant. The physicochemical results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in protein content, with treatments T2 and T3 standing out with 18.80% protein, higher than the control (18.12%).No significant differences were observed in moisture and fat content levels, complying in all cases with Bolivian regulations (NB 465:97 and NB 466:97). In the sensory evaluation, treatment T3 (60% llama) obtained the highest acceptance in terms of taste and smell, with a rating of “moderately liked,” and a better perception of color compared to the other groups. Microbiological and trend analysis determined that the shelf life of the product under refrigeration at 5 °C is 16 days, limited mainly by the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that the partial replacement of pork with llama meat increases the nutritional value and enhances the organoleptic properties of the sausage, making it a viable and healthy alternative for the processed meat market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grisel Karem Quispe Quispe, Gloria Cristal Taboada Belmonte, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of biga preferment on sensory acceptance of panetón with partial supplement of cañahua flour (Chenopodium pallidicauleAellen)
The study evaluated the influence of the amount of yeast and the fermentation time of the biga pre-ferment on the sensory characteristics of panettone with partial substitution of cañahua flour (Chenopodium pallidicauleAellen). Thebiga pre-ferment was used because of its low hydration and prolonged fermentation, conditions that allow acidification to be controlled and the effect of time and yeast level on the technological and sensory quality of the product to be analyzed. Six treatments were applied, combining two yeast levels (0.16% and 0.62%) and three fermentation times (12, 18, and 24 hours). pH and titratable acidity expressed as lactic acid were determined using standardized methods, and an affective sensory evaluation was performed with 50 consumers. The two-factor ANOVA showed that both fermentation time and yeast quantity significantly affected titratable acidity, with no interaction between factors, confirming an increase in acidity with longer times and higher yeast doses. The pH did not show significant differences, although it showed a slight tendency to decrease. Likewise, a technological process for making panettone was standardized using biga and sponge pre-ferments, achieving optimal dough development. The treatment with 24 hours of fermentation and 0.62% yeast obtained the best sensory ratings, correlating with an average acidity of 0.51% lactic acid and a pH of 4.77. The inclusion of cañahua flour improved the sensory profile of panettone and was very well received,making it an innovative and nutritious alternative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandra Patricia Monasterios Yapu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The role of women in the food security of producer families in the municipality of Caranavi
CELCCAR Ltda. is a second level organisation and the first peasant-based organisation dedicated to integral development in the Yungas region of Caranavi. After the execution of integral projects that involve the productive part, democratic participation and gender equity, fundamental pillars of integral development. Women are an essential part of the rural development process, as they play a fundamental role in the community, where they carry out productive activities related to the care of livestock and crop production. In this context, the objective of the research is to identify the role of women in the food security of producer families in the municipality of Caranavi.The research corresponds to the level of descriptive research, which determined the importance of women in the cooperatives of CELCCAR Ltda. and the integral strengthening of the capacities of men and women in the grassroots cooperatives of CELCCAR Ltda. The participation of women in the CELCCAR Ltda, The participation of women in the CELCCAR Ltda. is important since 27.13% of women help with the sowing of vegetables and 45.74% of men and women participate in the plantingwork, in the management of the crops women intervene 12.42% in the weeding of the orchards and 20.04% in the fertilisation of the plots, the participation of both in the weeding is 57.09% and 51.42% in the fertilisation, The participation of both in weeding is 57.09% and 51.42% in fertilising. As for harvesting vegetables, women help 27.66% and both help 44.68%, and with these data it can be concluded that women have a good percentage of participation in cultural work, but the highest percentage of both help, which could indicate that there is equality in terms of work on the plots. The intervention of women in food security is fundamental, as they are the main ones in charge of preparing food for breakfast, lunch and dinner, and they collaborate in sowing,crop management, harvesting and the transformation of products into nutritious food for their families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danina Marisol Nina Espinoza, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of a Livestock Wastewater Treatment System for Reuse in Irrigation at the Choquenaira Experimental Station in the Central Altiplano of Bolivia
This study evaluates a livestock wastewater treatment system at the Choquenaira Experimental Stationin the Central Altiplano of Bolivia,to determine its feasibility for agricultural irrigation reuse. A quantitative and descriptive methodology was employed, analyzing physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters at two key points of the system: the pretreatment tank and the sedimented water tank. The results indicate significant reductions in turbidity (68.31%), suspended solids (68.11%), chemical oxygen demand (71%), and biochemical oxygen demand (84%). Additionally, ammoniacal nitrogen decreased by 86.11%, and thermotolerant coliforms were reduced by 1.11 log. These values demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in contaminant removal. The findings suggest that the implemented system improves water quality, allowing for its reuse in irrigation under certain conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edgar Froilán Oliver Pari, Rolando Céspedes Paredes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical, chemical and bacteriological characterization of livestock wastewater at the Choquenaira Experimental Stationin the Altiplano
The wastewater generated at the Choquenaira Experimental Station originates primarily from cow manure and contains high levels of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms, posing an environmental risk if not properly managed. The objective of this study was to characterize the physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of this wastewater, which comes from two main sources: the dairy processing facility and the milking parlor, in order to evaluate its potential use as liquid biofertilizer under a circular economy approach. A quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive methodology was employed. Composite sampling was carried out by collecting subsamples every 30 minutes over a 12-hour period, which were then homogenized and transported to the laboratory of the Health Services Institute (ISS–UMSA). Parameters such as pH, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen, and thermotolerant coliforms were analyzed using standardized methods. The results revealed a high pollutant load: COD up to 16,167 mg O₂/l and BOD of 7,420 mg O₂/l, with elevated turbidity and TSS levels. The pH ranged from acidic in the dairy facility (4.00) to nearly neutral in the milking parlor (7.30). Thermotolerant coliform counts exceeded 10⁶ MPN/100 ml. It is concluded that appropriate treatment systems are essential to reduce environmental impact and, simultaneously, to utilize the leachates as agricultural inputs, contributing to sustainable production systems in rural settings.
Marketing system for fresh cheese in family production units of the Wali Suma dairy producers' federation in the municipality of Viacha
Dairy production is the activity that generates the greatest amount of permanent income in Viacha's rural population. It has been identified as an economic potential for sustainable development in the municipality, with insufficient productive infrastructure for cattle, where the processing of milk byproducts has no quality control. Despite this, three types of marketing channels have been identified: producer-consumer, producer-retailer-consumer and producer-retailer-retailer-consumer. These actors, cause prices to increase in each type of cheese, small cheese increases by 48.42 %, medium cheese by 40.44 % and large cheese by 42.86 %, consequently the gross marketing margin is in favor of the producer in the three types of cheese produced by 67, These percentages are retributions received by the producer for each Boliviano invested, and are also related to the producer's participation in the final price of the cheese.The total costs for each 100 units of cheese produced are 612 Bs. for the small cheese; 1,008 Bs. for the large cheese; 1,415 Bs. correspond to the sum of the production costs and marketing costs, having as gross income, in the small cheese 666.67 Bs, 1,125 Bs., medium cheese 1,125 Bs. and large cheese 1,750 Bs., with these values the benefit-cost was analyzed, being for the small cheese 1.09; medium 1.12 for the large cheese 1.24, values greater than 1, which means that the production of cheese is profitable. The real demand of the Federation of Dairy Producers Wali Suma (FEPLEWAS) in the commercialization of fresh cheese corresponds to 8.76% of the total demand in the department of La Paz, and taking into account only 15% of the unsatisfied potential demand, 197 cheeses per day should be produced.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Benjamín Escobar Mamani, Rubén Jacobo Trigo Riveros, Oscar Oswaldo Chambi Paricasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of three levels of solid substrates on the hydroponic production of basil (Ocimum basilicumL.), under protected environment
The present study was developed in the municipality of El Alto, Bolivia, with the objective of determining the optimal combinations of varieties and substrates that maximize vegetative development, yield and commercial quality of basil under protected environment conditions. Agricultural production in the Altiplano is limited by adverse climatic conditions and the scarcity of fertile soils in some regions, which makes solid hydroponic cultivation an innovative alternative with high potential to improve productivity in this area. The research was carried out at 4000 m a.s.l., in an area of 24 m² under controlled conditions, using a completely randomized experimental design with a bifactorial arrangement. Two basil varieties were evaluated: Italian “Genovese” and National “Chuquisaqueña”, grown in three mixtures of solid substrates (sawdust, sand and ground brick) in different proportions. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and width, green leaf fresh weight and yield.The treatment consisting of the Italian variety and the substrate with 60% sawdust, 30% sand and 10% ground brick showed the best performance in terms of leaf size, weight and yield. Although the benefit-cost analysis was not favorable in the short term due to the technology used, the productive results suggest that this technique could be a viable alternative for agriculture in the Bolivian Altiplano in the medium and long term.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omar W. Martínez Choque, Eduardo Oviedo Farfán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determination of moisture, yield and physicochemical characteristics of ginger (Zingiber officinaleRoscoe) essential oil, by the effect of drying and extraction time, using the water vapor entrainment method
Ginger is one of the most widespread natural remedies in the world and with more properties and medicinal applications for different pathologies. In Bolivia, it is one of the medicinal plants produced in the lowlands, currently, it is very recognized worldwide for its excellent anticancer and antiviral qualities. The objective of the research is to determine the humidity, yield and physicochemical characteristics of the essential oil of ginger, by the effect of drying and extraction time, using the method of water vapor entrainment. To determine the percentage of rhizome moisture and the optimum extraction time of the essential oil in ginger, the design was conducted under a completely randomized design, where the percentage of moisture was evaluated from three dryingtimes, determination of the yield of ginger essential oil from three extraction times and the physicochemical characteristics of essential oil (relative density, refractive index, acidity index and solubility in ethanol) were determined. In the results obtained the moisture percentage of MS ginger, in the three drying times on average gave the values of: TA H: 12.21(72 h) %, TBH: 12.01% (82 h) and TCH: 11.85 % (120 h). The best yield of ginger essential oil was obtained with the TAC treatment (0.48 %/150 gDM of ginger), with a humidity of 11.80 %, for 5 h, applying the water vapor entrainment extraction method. Due to the results obtained in the physicochemical tests carried out on the essential oil of ginger, which are within the Bolivian Standards NB 75022, such as: relative density and refractive index, miscibility in ethanol and acidity index, this indicates that the product obtained is of good quality and natural.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jhannet Condori Clares, Delia Georgina Burgoa Fernandez, Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of pine plantations in the Phumphawi micro-watershed, Collana municipality, Aroma province
This research evaluated the initial development of a pine plantation in the Phumphawimicro-watershed, analyzing how relief influences its growth and comparing dendrological characteristics between communities and types of relief. The plantation of pine species was evaluated in the first stage of development of the integrated management project of the Phumphawi micro-watershed, in the communities of Collana, San Nicolás and Uncallamaya, Collana municipality, Aroma province. This evaluation was necessary because the project concluded more than a year before the research and the mortality rate was generally high. For this study, dasometric data (diameter, height, quality) were collected through field work in the three communities and then organized. For the statistical analysis, models such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Kruskal-Wallistest were used. Fifty-four samples were taken in the three communities during one year (March 2021 to February 2022). The dependent variables were height, diameter and robustness index, while the independent variables included geographic area, relief typeand species. The hardiness index was calculated as the ratio of height to root collar diameter. Using a factorial design, the individual and interactive effects of the factors were analyzed. Descriptive analyses and the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05) revealed significant differences in the characteristics of the plantations according to the type of relief. The results underline the influence of relief and edaphological factors on the dendrological development of pine, highlighting their impact on height, diameter and hardiness index. From the study, it can be affirmed that the growth and hardiness of pine vary according to the type of relief and the community. The values of height and diameter were higher in the plains and gullies, with a predominance of highto regular hardiness indexes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimir Simón Taquichiri Mamani, Ramiro Augusto Mendoza Nogales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hypoxic stress in the root zone of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under different suboptimal water regimes and soil cover systems and impact on growth
Hypoxia stress in plants due to excess water limits agricultural productivity in crops such as peas (Pisum sativum L.), affecting physiological processes such as root respiration and photosynthesis. With the need to optimize water use in agriculture, this study evaluated the effect of different levels of water saturation in the root zone (25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) on pea growth, comparing systems with cover (closed) and without cover (open) on hypoxic stress and water efficiency. The study was conducted in Viacha La Paz, Bolivia (3,857 m a.s.l.), in 2019. Variables (height, stem diameter, leaf area, IAF, TCA, TCR, TAN and water consumption) were measured under two systems. Destructive sampling was carried out monthly for 126 days. The 75 % saturation treatment in a closed system showed the best results in height (79.70 cm), leaf area (545 cm²), IAF (1.0265) and TAN (0.0023 g/cm² day). In the open system, the same level stood out in TCA (1.0179 g/day) and TCR (0.1475 g/g day). The open systems with 75 % and 100 % saturation registered higher water consumption (12,860.63 cm³ and 12,583.60 cm³), while the closed systems with 100 % and 75 % consumed less water (9,089.10 cm³ and 8,781.00 cm³). The 75% saturation level in the closed system optimized pea growth and reduced water consumption, proving to be an efficient strategy for crops under conditions of water limitation, minimizing hypoxic stress without compromising productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brigido Moises Quiroga Sossa, Paola Andrea Mamani Montecinos, José Luis Pérez Ticona, Cristina Ramos Choque, Esther Dayzy Sanchez Quispe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparison of spectral signatures in asaí (Euterpe precatoria), majo (Oenocarpus bataua) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) with remote sensing in the Northern Amazon of La Paz-Bolivia
Due to the increasing deforestation in the forested areas of Bolivia, non-timber forest resources such as asaí (Euterpe precatoria), majo (Oenocarpus bataua) and cacao (Theobroma cacao), have gained importance due to the nutritional, productive and economic properties they contribute to ecosystems, for this reason the study analyzes the spectral signatures of the three species, in the northern Amazon of La Paz, Bolivia, using advanced remote sensing technologies. The main objective was to improve the accuracy of the identification of these species, which are vital for the sustainable management of forests and the livelihoods of local communities.Data were collected using ground-based sensors (Handheld2 ASD) for validation, along with multispectral imagery from drones (Phantom 4 Pro, Parrot Sequoia) and satellite imagery from Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2B. Several atmospheric correction methods, such as ATCOR (ERDAS), SEN2COR (SNAP) and the Dark Object method, were applied to the satellite images to ensure data integrity. The results showed that the UAV images, together with those from Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2B, showed a higher correlation with the real data obtained on the ground with the spectroradiometer, while those from Landsat 8 showed significant deviations. This research underscores the critical role of appropriate atmospheric corrections in accurately identifying forest fruits. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of ecological monitoring and resource management in tropical forestecosystems, emphasizing the potential of remote sensing technologies to enhance biodiversity conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Javier Nuñez-Villalba, Alejandra Campos Loayza, Jose Luis Calle Peralta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Curculionids associated with the majo (Oenocarpus bataua) and asaí (Euterpe precatoria) in northern La Paz, Bolivia
Bolivia's Amazon forest is a strategic area of special protection for the integral development of the country due to its high forestry potential. Recently, there has been an increase in demand for various forest products such as fruits of palm trees like the asaí and majo, but the pollination of these and other palms has not been studied in Bolivia, nor have their pollinating agents. According to the literature, the main pollinators of asaí are bees and beetles, while for majo, the main pollinators are beetles, especially beetles of the superfamily Curculionoidea. Thus, this study aims to determine the richness and abundance of Curculionoidea associated with majo and asaí in northern La Paz, seeking to deepen the knowledge of groups that are related to the pollination of majo and asaí in two areas of forest dominated by asaí or majo in the ecological system of pre-Andean glacial forests of the southwestern Amazon.Through nocturnal collections with light traps. Twenty-four individuals of the superfamily Curculionoidea were captured, distributed in 14 morphospecies of which 2 genera represent new records for Bolivia and another 2 genera represent new records for the Department of La Paz. Since Coleoptera represent the main palm pollinators in general, the results obtained strengthen the knowledge of groups of relevance for palm pollination. Strengthening the knowledge of palm pollinators not only has an impact on food security but also on energy security in a context where biofuels, whose raw material is palm fruit, are gradually increasing in the national energy matrix.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jaime Iván Rodríguez-Fernández, José Luis Calle Peralta, Hugo Daniel Bosque Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of four pregerminative treatments on seeds of asaí(Euterpe precatoriaMartius) and majo (Oenocarpus batauaMartius)
The problem addressed by the present work refers to the natural germination of majo (Oenocarpus bataua) and asaí (Euterpe precatoria) seeds, since it is a slow process. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of different pregerminative treatments (soaking in water and heat treatment) on majo and açaí seeds to improve germination. For this purpose, majo and asaí seeds were collected in the department of Pando, Bolivia. Five treatments were used: control, soaking in water for 24 and 48 hours, and heat treatment at 59°C for 8 and 16 minutes. The seeds were sown and the germination percentage was evaluated. The results obtained were for Majo: the combined treatment of soaking and heat treatment at 59°C for 16 minutes resulted in the highest germination percentage, while for asaí, the heat treatments at 59°C for 8 and 16 minutes were the most effective, followed by soaking for 24 hours. The results indicate that pregerminative treatments, especially thermal treatments, can significantly improve germination of majo and asaí seeds. The combination of soaking and heat treatment was found to be the most effective for majo, while heat treatment was the most effective for acai. These findings provide a solid basis for developing propagation protocols for these species, contributing to their conservation and sustainable use.
Copyright (c) 2024 Carlos Eduardo Choque Tarqui, Juan José Aparicio Porres, Lody Condori Bonilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative evaluation of explants and culture media in the in vitroestablishment of bolivian cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) at the Sapecho Experimental Station
The aim was to improve the propagation and conservation of Bolivian national cocoa. This study evaluated the efficiency of explants (staminodes and petals) and culture media for in vitro propagation. The research was conducted at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Experimental Station of Sapecho, from September 2023 to June 2024. The methodology consisted of selecting cacao flower buds, preparing culture media (M1, M2, and M3) based on Murashige and Skoog, varying components such as coconut water, gibberellic acid, ascorbic acid, and citric acid, followed by disinfection and establishment. The results showed that staminodes had lower contamination (57%) compared to petals (97%). The M1 culture medium, with coconut water, showed the lowest contamination rate (70%); in terms of survival, staminodes cultivated in the M1 medium showed the highest survival rate (41.67%); while for callus formation, staminodes in M1 and M3 media presented better results (40% and 32% respectively), and gibberellic acid in the M2 medium favored callus formation in petals(5%). In conclusion, staminodes are better explants as they show lower contamination and higher survival rates. The M1 culture medium, with coconut water, was the most suitable for callus formation in staminodes. The combination of explant and culture medium significantly influences the success of in vitro cultivation. These findings provide a basis for developing more efficient in vitro propagation protocols for Bolivian national cocoa.
Copyright (c) 2024 Erika Lima Marca, lix Fernando Manzaneda Delgado, Marco Antonio Echenique Quezada, Juan José Aparicio Porres https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of explant type for the in vitro establishment of majo (Oenocarpus batauaMart.)
The majo (Oenocarpus batauaMart.), as it is known in Bolivia, is a plant native to the neotropical zone (South America). The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of in vitro establishment of the species Oenocarpus bataua Mart. using different types of explants: embryo and root. The research was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Sapecho Experimental Station, in the department of La Paz, Bolivia. The work wascarried out from September 2023 to June 2024. The objective was to determine the type of explant (embryo or root) most suitable for in vitro establishment. Embryo and root explants were used, subjected to disinfection processes and in vitro culture in a specific culture medium.Variables such as the percentage of total contamination, contamination by fungi, bacteria and oxidation, as well as the percentage of survival and germination were measured. The results showed that embryonic explants presented a lower rate of total contamination (40.74 %), fungal and bacterial contamination compared to root explants (66.67 %). However, embryonic explants presented a higher rate of oxidation (9.26 %). In terms of survival, embryonic explants showed a higher germinationrate (46.3 %), although not all explants survived. It is concluded that embryonic explants of O. batauaMart. are more suitable for in vitro establishment due to lower susceptibility to contamination and higher germination rate. Further studies on embryonic explants are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Isabel Llusco Tarqui, Félix Fernando Manzaneda Delgado, Marco Antonio Echenique Quezada, Juan José Aparicio Porres, Jose Luis Calle Peralta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identification of the pollinic contribution of Euterpe precatoriain meliponas bee hives in Santa Rosa de Maravilla, Ixiamas
The Bolivian Amazon currently presents several challenges, one of the most critical is deforestation, with fires caused, driven by activities such as agricultural and livestock expansion, which disturb ecosystems. For this reason, the present study seeks to revalue the forest through the analysis of the functions performed by pollinators (native bees), where the pollen collected from hives of stingless bees (meliponas) was evaluated with the objective of determining the presence of asaí pollen (Euterpe precatoria). The pollen collected from six species of meliponabees, from the community of Santa Rosa de Maravilla in the Municipality of Ixiamas, was studied using the palynological analysis method to identify and quantify the pollen grains present in the samples; where, the results indicate a dominance of Trigona sp. in the pollen pots, with an average of 104 grains per sample, followed by Melipona rufiventriswith 52 grains, representing 66% and 33% of the samples collected respectively, revealing the importance of meliponas in their pollination. These results induce the importance of native bees in the pollination of E. precatoriawith the species Trigona sp. and Melipona rufiventris, in this way, revalue the environmental and productive functions that the mentioned species fulfill in the production of acaí fruits, with future studies being expanded to contribute to the production and conservation of acaí in Bolivia.
Copyright (c) 2024 Virginia Huanca Choque, Jose Luis Calle Peralta, Juan Jose Aparicio Porres, Angel Fernando Jira Hernandez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Incidence of native bees in the pollination of majo (Oenocarpus bataua) in Tumupasa, Municipality of San Buenaventura,La Paz-Bolivia
The majo (O. bataua) palm tree that in recent years has attracted the attention of producers, companies and the central government of Bolivia, due to the productive potential it presents due to its nutritional characteristics and demand in the national market, which which led us to carry out this study, with the objective of knowing the incidence of five types of native bees (Trigona sp.,Partamona sp.,T. angustula,Oxytrigona sp.,Plebeia sp.), in the pollination of majo fruits. The methodology was used a. identification of the meliponary with the established hives, b. spatial analysis of the distribution of majo palms, c. analysis of the extracted pollen, d. description and discussion of the results obtained. Where it was found, more pollen grains could be identified in the sample from the hive of the species Trigona sp.(average of 7 pollen grains sample 10 u/l), followed by the genus Plebeia sp. (average of 3 pollen grains sample 10 u/l), followed by Oxytrigona sp. (average of 2,4 pollen grains sample 10 u/l), followed byT. angustula(average of 2,2 pollen grains sample 10 u/l); However, the genus Partamona sp.very few pollen grains could be observed and in some repetitions none. Since this is a descriptive study, it is necessary to continue with the analyzes at different collection times and types of melipona bees.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jose Luis Calle Peralta, Virginia Huanca Choque, Waldir German Cruz Perez, Maria Isabel Llusco Tarqui, Javier Alfredo Nuñez Villalba, David Cruz Choque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 Gladys J. Chipana Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identification of mother plants: majo (Oenocarpus bataua), asai (Euterpe precatoria) and wild cacao (Theobroma cacao) in the northern Amazonian department of La Paz, Bolivia
The fruits of the Bolivian Amazon forest such as majo, asai and wild cacao species are of great nutritional and local trade importance; however, they can suffer a decrease in the forest due to logging, flooding and other climatic events, which makes them vulnerable. For this reason, the objective was to identify high production mother plants for the conservation of the three fruit species. Identification protocols were used to characterize and determine the geographic location of mother plants in the municipalities of Palos Blancos, San Buenaventura and Ixiamas. Mother plants of the species were identified in these municipalities. Among the characteristics found were higher production of majo and asai fruit in the communities of Santa Rosa de Maravilla and Carmen Pecha and wild cacao in Carmen del Emero.
Copyright (c) 2024 Claudia Adriana Piza Paz, Javier Nuñez Villalba, José Luis Peralta, Luis Ernesto Cuenca Usmayo, Jhon Leonardo Cabrera Espindola, Zenobio Mollo Turco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Production performance of two varieties of carrot (Daucus carota L.) with different levels of organic fertiliser at the Cota Cota Experimental Centre
Daucus carotaL., commonly known as carrot, is a highly valued crop due to its nutritional benefits. However, at low temperatures it can cause premature flowering, even more so when it is found in soil that does not meet the needs of the crop. That is why new carrot varieties “Altiplano” and “Larga Vida” were studied, which indicate that they are tolerant to adverse climates, accompanied by organic fertilization of chicken manure to contribute to the development and yield of the crop. The study was carried out at the Cota Cota Experimental Center, the objectives were: Evaluate the productive behavior of two varieties of carrot with different levels of organic fertilizer; Determine the productive behavior of two varieties of the carrot crop; Determine the appropriate level of organic fertilizer for the productive behavior of carrots. To meet these objectives, platforms were implemented, the study factors were: different levels of organic chicken manure fertilizer (0 kg/m²; 0.5 kg/m²; 1 kg/m²) and carrot varieties (Altiplano and Larga Vida), arranged in a randomized complete block design (DBA) with a bifactor arrangement. The response variables evaluated were: Percentage of emergence, foliage height, root length, root diameter, root weight and crop yield. The results that were highly significant, the Larga Vida variety stood out with 15.78 cm of root length, in the fertilizer the 0.5 kg/m² level stood out with a yield of 41.03 t/ha. In conclusion, T4 (Larga Vida variety with 0.5 kg/m²) obtained better agronomic results.
Copyright (c) 2024 Camila Patricia Chillo Yupanqui, Wilfredo Peñafiel Rodríguez, Rosmery Aruquipa Condori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) production at four vertical height levels under aquaponic system
Theobjective of this research was to evaluate the production of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) at four vertical heights under an aquaponic system in the locality of Viacha. It is a descriptive research in which the non-parametric Friedman's test was used for the statistical evaluation since it studies the comparison of the four levels of height in the production of watercress, the variables considered were temperature and relative humidity, length of the watercress, diameter of the branch, number of shoots, number of leaves, weight of the watercress and production costs. The best behaved level was level 4 with the length of the watercress branch was 24.50 cm, branch diameter 3.36 mm, number of shoots 14, number of leaves 46, weight of watercress 916 g. The aquaponic system makes it possible to combine vegetable and fish production in a temperate environment. The results obtained show that aquaponics can be a viable alternative for the productive diversification of family units in the Bolivian Altiplano, as long as some fundamental aspects related to the reduction of the operating costs of theaquaponic system are resolved. On the other hand, in the Altiplano region, the local inhabitants have the idea of diversifying their production, especially in communities where they have a small water source, and have always had the initiative to dedicatethemselves to fish production.
Copyright (c) 2024 Iván Adeliz Arpazi Torrez, Víctor Antonio Castañón Rivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Description of potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties in communities of the Choquecata Basin of the municipality of Palca-La Paz
The objective of this research was focused on the description of potato varieties cultivated in the 10 communities of the Choquecota Basin of the municipality of Palca-La Paz, Bolivia; its importance lies in improving the knowledge of potato genetic diversity. The methodology of this research is exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. Seventy-eight potato samples were used in the amount of five tubers per sample. The genetic material was collected from different communities that are part of the Choquecota pedagogical basin of the 2021 harvest. The morphology was described using potato descriptors and Huamán's color guide (2008). As a result, 43 varieties were identified (39 with native/commercial descriptors, and fourwith identification but no description), from a total of 78 samples obtained in the 10 communities; comparing with 3 catalogs and a thesis, we have 37.2% of the varieties coinciding and 62.8% not coinciding.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tania Noemí Blanco Larico, Joel Moisés Mamani Huanca, Wily Marco Flores Mancilla, Juan José Aparicio Porres https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Aeration in the root zone and its relationship with soil water pulses below field capacity and their effect on the growth of pea (Pisum sativumL.)
The work was carried out in the Engineering Degree in Agricultural Production and Marketing, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, with the objective of evaluating saturation at the root level in the pea crop, considering that the decrease in oxygen generates physiological problems in the crop. Plant height, leaf area, absolute growth rate, relative and absolute growth rate were evaluated with intervals of seven days, in addition to destructive sampling up to 98 days. The objective was to evaluate the effect of water saturation with three percentages of water replacement and its effect on the growth of the pea plant. For plant height, the AP75% treatment reached 144.0 cm, AP50% with 99.85 cm, AP25% with 99.12 cm. The leaf area was greater in AF75% with 3,509.55 cm2/treatment, AF50% and AF25% with 1,790.47 cm2and 1,717.73 cm2respectively. The TCA75% with 2.30 g/day, followed by the TCA50%, TCA25% treatments with 1.16 g/day and 1.05g/day. The relative growth rate was lower up to 60 days, increasing thereafter. The highest rate corresponds to TCR75%, in the senescence phase it tends to decrease with 0.0430442 g g/day. TAN75% reached 0.00002045 g/cm2/day followed by TAN50% with 0.00001758 g/cm2/day, finally the TAN25% treatment reached 0.00001626 g/cm2/day. With a saturation at 75% of its field capacity, the pea crop presents better growth indicators.
Copyright (c) 2024 Brigido Moises Quiroga Sossa, José Eduardo Oviedo Farfán, Cristal Taboada Belmonte, Yhessica Calle Aliaga, Teófilo Mauricio Castañeta Mamani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0